Definition of social democracy

The term "social democracy" emerged in the late 19th century as a political movement combining socialist ideals with the principles of democracy and the rule of law. In its early stages, social democracy referred to a radical interpretation of democracy that sought to address the social and economic inequalities arising from industrialization and urbanization, particularly in Europe. The origins of social democracy can be traced back to the rise of socialism as a working-class movement in response to the harsh living and working conditions of industrial workers. Socialist thinkers such as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels championed the idea of a socialist society based on the common ownership of the means of production. However, early social democrats recognized that attaining socialist goals through revolutionary means was unlikely, as many working-class people were not inclined to overthrow the existing capitalist system. As an alternative to revolutionary socialism, social democrats proposed a gradual, reform-oriented path to socialism. This meant working within existing institutions, including representative democracy and the capitalist economy, to achieve socialist objectives. Social democrats advocated for policies such as the expansion of welfare states, increased social protections, and greater economic regulation to promote social justice and equality. Despite disagreement over the best route to a socialist society, the concept of social democracy became popular in many European countries, especially in the aftermath of World War II, as socialists embraced a reformist strategy. The term "social democracy" has since become associated with center-left political parties and policies that prioritize social justice, equality, and democracy while accepting the basic tenets of a capitalist economy.